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Permineralization

Permineralization is a process by which fossils are preserved. In this type of fossilization process minerals get deposited inside the internal spaces of organisms. Minerals are carried by water to the internal spaces to fill those spaces within the tissue of the organisms. Water flows into the pores present in the organic tissue where it forms crystal casts with the deposited minerals. Due to the nature of this type of fossilization process, permineralisation is very useful for the study of internal structures of organisms, mainly plants.

Unaltered preservations

Unaltered preservation is a fossilization process in which the original material of the organism does not change into a new substance, although it does not mean that the organisms have not changed. In this type of fossils, the water is lost from the organism’s body. The color of the body also changes and the protein present in the soft tissues degrade.

Replacement

In this process of fossilization, water dissolves the hard parts of organisms and replaces those parts with minerals. The chemical reaction in this process of change of the organism’s parts is slow. This process reproduces the original structures of the organisms. Examples of fossils that are preserved through this preservation process are shells, bones and wood. The minerals which replace these structures are silica, calcite, hematite and pyrite. Snails shells are often replaces with silica which is a type of quartz. If the replacement takes place quickly than the structure losses any trace of the original structure, only creating the original structure but no details.

Recrystallization

The process of recrystallization is same as replacement where water seeps into the spaces in the organism’s shell but in this process the compounds of the original skeleton are still preserved but in different crystalline form.

Carbonization

Carbonization is a preservation process where the residual carbon of an organism exits. The process of carbonization takes a long time to occur. Over time organisms are subjected to heat and high pressure which cooks up the organism very slowly and leaves behind only the thin carbon layer on the shale around. Plants are fossilized by this process. What today we use as coal are the fossils of plant of the carboniferous time.

Authigenic preservation

Authigenic preservation is also known as cementation which is a preservation process mainly for plants. This fossilization process involves molding and casting. In this process, carbonate or iron minerals get cemented around plants. The plants dissolve away over time and leaves behind casts produced by the cemented minerals of the plant’s internal and external faces. Often the void left behind by the plant is filled with sediment to produce molds.

One must note that most of the fossils found today are preserved using more than one type of preservation process. Often fossils are found that are being preserved through combination of preservation processes. For instance fossils of leaves are carbonized but they also form molds and casts. Ammonite fossils are primarily casts but their hard parts are also mineralized.

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